Python operators are special symbols or keywords used to perform operations on variables and values. Operators are used to manipulate data in various ways, such as performing arithmetic, comparisons, or logical operations. Python has several types of operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators:
These are used to perform basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
+ | Addition | 10+2 →12 |
– | Subtraction | 10-2 → 8 |
* | Multiplication | 10*2 → 20 |
/ | Division (returns float) | 10/2 → 5 |
// | Floor Division (returns int) | 11 // 2 → 5 |
% | Modulus (remainder) | 11 % 2 → 1 |
** | Exponentiation (power) | 10 ** 2 → 100 |
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators:
These operators compare two values and return a Boolean result (True
or False
).
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
== | Equal to | 10 == 10 → True |
!= | Not equal to | 10 != 2 → True |
> | Greater than | 10 > 2 → True |
< | Less than | 10 < 2 → False |
>= | Greater than or equal | 10 >= 2 → True |
<= | Less than or equal | 10 <= 2 → False |
** | Exponentiation (power) | 10 ** 2 → 100 |
3. Assignment Operators:
These operators are used to assign values to variables.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
= | Assign | x = 10 |
+= | Add and assign | x += 10 → x = x + 10 |
-= | Subtract and assign | x -= 10 → x = x – 10 |
*= | Multiply and assign | x *= 10 → x = x * 10 |
/= | Divide and assign | x /= 10 → x = x / 10 |
% | Modulus (remainder) | 11 % 2 → 1 |
//= | Floor divide and assign | x //= 10 → x = x // 10 |
%= | Modulus and assign | x %= 10 → x = x % 10 |
**= | Exponentiation and assign | x **= 10 → x = x ** 10 |
4. Logical Operators:
These operators are used to perform logical operations and return Boolean values.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
and | Logical AND (both conditions must be True) | True and False → False |
or | Logical OR (at least one condition is True) | True or False → True |
not | Logical NOT (negates the condition) | not True → False |
5. Bitwise Operators:
These operators work on bits and perform bit-by-bit operations.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
& | Bitwise AND | 5 & 3 → 1 |
or | Logical OR (at least one condition is True) | True or False → True |
Bitwise OR | ||
^ | Bitwise XOR | 5 ^ 3 → 6 |
~ | Bitwise NOT | ~5 → -6 |
<< | Left Shift | 5 << 1 → 10 |
>> | Right Shift | 5 >> 1 → 2 |
6. Identity Operators:
These operators check if two objects are identical (i.e., refer to the same memory location).
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
is | True if both refer to the same object | x is y |
is not | True if they refer to different objects | x is not y |
7. Membership Operators:
These operators test if a sequence (like a list, string, or tuple) contains a value.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
in | True if value is in sequence | ‘a’ in [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’] → True |
not in | True if value is not in sequence | ‘x’ not in [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’] → True |
8. Ternary (Conditional) Operator:
This operator allows you to execute expressions conditionally in a single line.
Syntax:
result = value_if_true if condition else value_if_false
Example:
age = 20
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"
print(status) # Output: Adult