Python Error Handling

Error handling in Python is done with try, except, else, and finally statements. This structure allows you to gracefully handle errors and perform cleanup operations if needed.

Basic Error Handling

try:
    # Code that might raise an exception
    result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")

try: Block of code that might raise an exception.

except: Code to execute if an exception occurs. You can specify specific error types like ZeroDivisionError or use a general exception handler.

Catching Multiple Exceptions

You can catch multiple specific exceptions by listing them in a tuple or by using multiple except blocks.

try:
    result = int("abc")
except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
    print(f"Error occurred: {e}")

Or:

try:
    result = int("abc")
except ValueError:
    print("Error: Cannot convert string to integer.")
except TypeError:
    print("Error: Invalid type used.")

Using a General Exception

To catch any exception, use except Exception or simply except. This can be helpful for logging or debugging, but it’s usually good to handle specific errors where possible.

try:
    result = 10 / 0
except Exception as e:
    print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}")

else Clause

The else block runs if no exceptions were raised in the try block.

try:
    result = 10 / 2
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Error: Division by zero.")
else:
    print("No errors occurred. Result is:", result)

finally Clause

The finally block runs no matter what, whether an exception occurred or not. It’s often used for cleanup actions (e.g., closing files or database connections).

try:
    file = open("example.txt", "r")
    content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("Error: File not found.")
finally:
    if 'file' in locals():
        file.close()
        print("File closed.")

Raising Exceptions

You can use raise to throw an exception if a condition isn’t met.

def divide(a, b):
    if b == 0:
        raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero.")
    return a / b

try:
    print(divide(10, 0))
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)

Custom Exception Classes

You can create custom exceptions by subclassing Python’s built-in Exception class.

class CustomError(Exception):
    pass

def risky_function():
    raise CustomError("This is a custom error.")

try:
    risky_function()
except CustomError as e:
    print(e)